Human Anatomy: Circulatory, Digestive & Organ Systems GK Questions & Answers
Human physiology relies on coordinated organ systems to sustain cellular metabolism, nutrient absorption, and gas exchange. The circulatory system comprises a myogenic, four-chambered heart (two atria and two ventricles) and a closed vascular network. Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta to systemic circulation, while deoxygenated blood returns via the vena cava to the right atrium, moving to the lungs via the pulmonary artery for oxygenation. Blood consists of liquid plasma (55%) and formed cellular elements (45%): erythrocytes containing hemoglobin for oxygen transport, leukocytes for immune defense, and thrombocytes for coagulation. Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group classification in 1900 based on agglutinogen surface antigens, alongside the Rhesus (Rh) factor. The human digestive tract spans the alimentary canal from mouth to anus. Mechanical mastication and salivary amylase action initiate carbohydrate breakdown. The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen for protein hydrolysis. The duodenum receives bile from the liver for lipid emulsification and pancreatic juice containing trypsin, amylase, and lipase. Nutrient absorption occurs across the small intestine's mucosal villi and microvilli into blood capillaries and lacteals.
High-yield conceptual summaries for competitive exams and rapid revision.
Human heart exhibits double circulation where systemic and pulmonary circuits prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Erythrocytes (RBCs) lack nuclei at maturity in humans and have an average lifespan of 120 days before breakdown in the spleen.
O-negative is the universal red blood cell donor type, while AB-positive is the universal plasma and blood recipient type.
The stomach's parietal (oxyntic) cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) to activate pepsinogen into active protein-digesting pepsin.
The small intestine, specifically the jejunum and ileum, is the primary site of nutrient absorption through surface-expanding villi.
Showing 25 Curated Questions238 Total in Bank
1ID: GK-BODY-00483
easyOrgan Systems & Anatomy
What is the normal resting blood pressure measurement in a healthy young human adult?
Verified Explanation
Standard physiological resting blood pressure in a healthy human adult is approximately 120 mmHg systolic (during ventricular contraction) and 80 mmHg diastolic (during ventricular relaxation).
2ID: GK-BODY-00488
easyClinical Diagnostics & Medical Discoveries
Who discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900, establishing the foundation for safe blood transfusions?
Verified Explanation
Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner discovered the A, B, and O blood groups in 1900 based on erythrocyte agglutination, for which he was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
3ID: GK-BODY-00539
easyClinical Diagnostics & Medical Discoveries
Who discovered the human ABO blood group system in 1900–1901, earning the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?
Verified Explanation
Karl Landsteiner identified that human blood can be classified into distinct immunological groups (A, B, and O), establishing the scientific basis for safe blood transfusions.
4ID: GK-BODY-00549
easyOrgan Systems & Anatomy
What is the primary iron-containing respiratory pigment in human red blood cells that reversibly binds and transports oxygen?
Verified Explanation
Hemoglobin is a tetrameric protein in red blood cells (erythrocytes) containing four heme iron groups, each capable of binding one O2 molecule to form oxyhemoglobin.
5ID: GK-BODY-00559
mediumMedical Milestones & Vaccines
Who discovered the ABO human blood group system in 1900, winning the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?
Verified Explanation
Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group classification system in 1900, establishing the foundation for modern safe blood transfusions and earning the 1930 Nobel Prize.
6ID: GK-CITY-00194
mediumFamous Sobriquets of Indian Cities
Which historic city on the north bank of the Brahmaputra River in Assam is known as the 'City of Blood' (derived from the Sanskrit 'Sonitpur') after the mythical battle fought between Lord Krishna and King Banasura?
Verified Explanation
Tezpur (from Sanskrit 'Teja' meaning blood and 'Pura' meaning city) is known as the 'City of Blood', legendary site of the epic Hari-Hara battle over Princess Usha and Aniruddha.
7ID: GK-DAYS-00515
hardHealth Human Rights Days
World Blood Donor Day is celebrated worldwide on June 14 to mark the birthday of which Nobel Prize-winning scientist who discovered the ABO blood groups?
Verified Explanation
Karl Landsteiner discovered human ABO blood groups in 1900 and received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930; June 14 marks his birth anniversary.
8ID: GK-DAYS-00620
mediumHealth Human Rights Days
World Blood Donor Day is celebrated worldwide on June 14 to mark the birth anniversary of which Nobel laureate who discovered the ABO blood groups?
Verified Explanation
Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943) discovered the ABO blood group system in 1900, winning the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
9ID: GK-TRIV-00485
easyGeneral Curiosities
Which blood type is universally recognized as the 'Universal Donor' for red blood cell transfusions because it lacks A, B, and Rh antigens?
Verified Explanation
O-negative red blood cells can be safely transfused to patients of any ABO and Rh blood group in emergencies.
10ID: GK-HLTH-00114
easyICMR Guidelines, POSHAN Abhiyaan & Nutrition
Which fat-soluble vitamin is physiologically required for the hepatic synthesis of blood coagulation factors II (Prothrombin), VII, IX, and X?
Verified Explanation
Vitamin K acts as an essential cofactor for the enzyme gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, which carboxylates glutamic acid residues in clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X in the liver, enabling them to bind calcium and execute blood clotting.
11ID: GK-HLTH-00508
hardAyushman Bharat & National Health Policies
Under the National Blood Policy and Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, what is the maximum storage shelf-life of Whole Human Blood collected in standard Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine (CPDA-1) anticoagulant solution stored at 2°C to 6°C?
Verified Explanation
Under the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 (Schedule F, Part XII-B) and National Blood Policy guidelines, the maximum permissible shelf-life of Whole Human Blood and Packed Red Blood Cells collected and stored in Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine (CPDA-1) anticoagulant solution at 2°C to 6°C is exactly 35 days. If standard Citrate Phosphate Dextrose (CPD) or Acid Citrate Dextrose (ACD) is used without adenine, the shelf-life is restricted to 21 days.
12ID: GK-UNIT-00012
easyScientific Constants, SI Prefixes & Conversions
Which medical instrument, consisting of an inflatable cuff and a mercury or aneroid manometer, is used to measure human blood pressure?
Verified Explanation
A sphygmomanometer is an instrument used to measure arterial blood pressure in millimetres of mercury (mmHg), invented by Scipione Riva-Rocci.
Which medical instrument, consisting of an inflatable cuff and a mercury or aneroid manometer, is used to measure arterial blood pressure?
Verified Explanation
A sphygmomanometer (commonly known as a blood pressure monitor) is used in clinical medicine to measure systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure in mmHg.
14ID: GK-UNIT-00198
easyScientific Constants, SI Prefixes & Conversions
Which medical instrument, consisting of an inflatable cuff, a pressure manometer, and a valve, is used to measure arterial blood pressure?
Verified Explanation
A sphygmomanometer measures systolic and diastolic blood pressure in millimetres of mercury (mmHg) by occluding the brachial artery with an inflatable cuff.
15ID: GK-UNIT-00255
easyScientific Constants, SI Prefixes & Conversions
Which medical device, consisting of an inflatable cuff and a mercury or aneroid manometer, is used to measure arterial blood pressure in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg)?
Verified Explanation
A sphygmomanometer is a diagnostic instrument invented by Scipione Riva-Rocci in 1896 used to measure human systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
16ID: GK-UNIT-00484
easyScientific Constants, SI Prefixes & Conversions
Which medical and physiological instrument is used by doctors to measure arterial blood pressure in millimetres of mercury (mmHg)?
Verified Explanation
A sphygmomanometer is an instrument used to measure blood pressure, consisting of an inflatable cuff, a measuring unit (mercury manometer or aneroid gauge), and a mechanism for inflation.
17ID: GK-BODY-00004
easyOrgan Systems & Anatomy
Which blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to body tissues?
Verified Explanation
Red blood cells contain iron-rich hemoglobin proteins that bind and transport oxygen.
18ID: GK-BODY-00005
easyDiseases, Pathology & Immunology
Which blood group is known as the 'Universal Donor' in the ABO and Rh blood group system?
Verified Explanation
O- red blood cells lack A, B, and Rh (D) antigens, preventing immune rejection in all blood recipients.
19ID: GK-BODY-00006
easyDiseases, Pathology & Immunology
Which blood group is known as the 'Universal Recipient'?
Verified Explanation
AB+ plasma has no anti-A, anti-B, or anti-Rh antibodies, allowing receipt of any ABO/Rh blood type.
20ID: GK-BODY-00031
mediumOrgan Systems & Anatomy
Which blood vessels possess one-way semilunar valves to prevent the backflow of deoxygenated blood toward the heart?
Verified Explanation
Veins operate under low hydrostatic pressure and rely on venous valves and skeletal muscle pumps to return blood.
21ID: GK-BODY-00040
mediumDiseases, Pathology & Immunology
What is the medical term for high blood pressure?
Verified Explanation
Clinical hypertension is defined as persistent resting blood pressure ≥130/80 mmHg (Stage 1) or ≥140/90 mmHg (Stage 2).
22ID: GK-BODY-00117
mediumAnatomy Organ Systems
The "Baroreceptor Reflex" (Baroreflex) is an autonomic homeostatic feedback mechanism that rapidly restores arterial blood pressure through stretch sensors located where?
Verified Explanation
Increased blood pressure stretches carotid baroreceptors, signaling via glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) to the solitary nucleus to increase vagal parasympathetic tone and lower heart rate.
23ID: GK-BODY-00128
mediumHormones Glands
Which hormone, secreted by four small glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid, increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone osteoclasts?
Verified Explanation
PTH elevates blood calcium by promoting bone resorption, increasing renal calcium reabsorption, and activating Vitamin D (calcitriol) synthesis.
24ID: GK-BODY-00155
easyHormones, Enzymes & Nutrition
Which peptide hormone, secreted by beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, decreases blood glucose concentration by facilitating cellular glucose uptake?
Verified Explanation
Insulin promotes glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue while inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, maintaining blood glucose homeostasis.
25ID: GK-BODY-00157
easyOrgan Systems & Anatomy
What is considered the normal baseline arterial blood pressure (systolic / diastolic) of a healthy adult at rest?
Verified Explanation
Standard normal resting blood pressure in healthy adults is around 120 mmHg systolic (during ventricular contraction) over 80 mmHg diastolic (during ventricular relaxation).