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UPSC & State PSCs: Articles 315-323 & Recruitment Mandate

Part XIV of the Constitution of India meticulously details the establishment of the Union Public Service Commission and State Public Service Commissions under Articles 315 to 323. These constitutional institutions owe their historical origin to the Lee Commission of 1924, which recommended the creation of an independent central personnel agency. The Government of India Act 1935 subsequently expanded this framework to include provincial commissions, creating a structured administrative recruiting mechanism for the entire subcontinent. Operating as an independent constitutional body, the central recruiting agency functions directly under the President of India without interference from the executive branch, maintaining absolute autonomy.

Article 320 specifies the consultative functions regarding disciplinary matters, recruitment methods, and promotions, ensuring meritocracy within the complex administrative hierarchy governing modern India. The operational mechanics require the Commission to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union, maintaining strict confidentiality and rigorous evaluation standards across multiple testing centers. The composition typically includes a Chairman and other members appointed by the President or Governor, holding office for a term of six years or until the age of sixty-five, whichever event occurs earlier. Members are constitutionally protected from arbitrary removal, strictly requiring a formal presidential reference to the Supreme Court for an inquiry into alleged misbehavior under Article 317. The expenses of these commissions are charged directly upon the Consolidated Fund of India or the respective State, guaranteeing absolute financial independence from legislative vote and political pressure.

Practical implementation of these provisions ensures a continuous supply of capable administrators to govern the massive bureaucratic apparatus of the Indian republic across diverse geographical regions. In the landmark ruling of E.P. Royappa versus State of Tamil Nadu, the Supreme Court emphasized the necessity of preventing arbitrariness in administrative appointments and transfers affecting senior bureaucrats. Examinations frequently test the procedural differences between the disciplinary jurisdiction of the commission and the administrative control exercised by the respective government ministries over civil servants.
Reviewed by the Master10 Editorial Board for accuracy, clarity and competitive-exam relevance.Editorial Policy

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  1. #1
    Established under Part XIV, Articles 315–323 as independent constitutional recruiting bodies for the Union and States.
  2. #2
    Members are appointed under Article 316 by the President (UPSC/JSPSC) and Governor (State PSC) for fixed six-year terms.
  3. #3
    Article 317 mandates removal of members only by Presidential order following a formal inquiry by the Supreme Court.
  4. #4
    Article 320 details functions including competitive examinations, recruitment, and mandatory consultations on disciplinary matters.
  5. #5
    Submits annual reports under Article 323 to the President or Governor, requiring legislative scrutiny for any non-accepted advice.
  6. #6
    The first Public Service Commission in India was established on 1 October 1926 under the chairmanship of Sir Ross Barker following the Lee Commission recommendations.
  7. #7
    Under Article 316(2), a UPSC member holds office for a term of six years or until attaining 65 years of age, whichever is earlier.
  8. #8
    A State Public Service Commission (SPSC) member holds office for six years or until attaining 62 years of age under Article 316(2).
  9. #9
    Under Article 319, the Chairman of the UPSC is completely ineligible for any further employment under the Government of India or the Government of any State.
  10. #10
    A member of a State PSC is eligible for appointment as Chairman of that State PSC, or Chairman/member of UPSC, or Chairman of another SPSC.
  11. #11
    Under Article 322, the expenses of the UPSC, including salaries and pensions of members, are charged directly on the Consolidated Fund of India.
  12. #12
    Parliament can establish a Joint State Public Service Commission (JSPSC) for two or more states under Article 315(2) upon the passage of resolutions by concerned state legislatures.
  13. #13
    Although SPSC members are appointed by the Governor under Article 316, they can only be removed by the President under Article 317.
  14. #14
    Under Article 321, Parliament or a State Legislature may enact legislation to confer additional recruitment functions on the UPSC or State PSCs.
  15. #15
    In state advisory matters, the advice tendered by the Commission is non-binding, but the executive must table a memorandum explaining reasons for non-acceptance before Parliament.

Subject Specialist Commentary

Analytical perspective & practical exam advice from the Master10 academic board

Educator's Insight
The Union Public Service Commission and State PSCs are independent constitutional bodies established under Articles 315 to 323. Originating from the 1924 Lee Commission, their primary duty is conducting merit-based recruitments for civil services and advising governments on disciplinary matters. To preserve neutrality and prevent political interference, the Constitution guarantees fixed tenures, charges their administrative expenses directly on the Consolidated Fund, and restricts future government employment for retiring members.
Exam papers regularly test the removal procedure and age limits. In UPSC prelims and SSC exams, remember this clear rule: UPSC members serve for six years or until age 65, while State PSC members serve for six years or until age 62. A classic trap: although the Governor appoints State PSC members, only the President can remove them under Article 317 following a Supreme Court inquiry. State PSCs submit annual reports to Governors.

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