Global Space Exploration Module
Space Stations, International Treaties & Space Law
The orbital domain of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) serves as a microgravity laboratory and the frontline of international space law. The International Space Station (ISS), continuously inhabited since November 2000, represents a landmark partnership between NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, and CSA. China's Tiangong space station, completed with its Tianhe core module and Wentian and Mengtian science modules, operates as a fully independent operational LEO outpost. The governance of outer space activities is anchored by the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which declares space the 'province of all mankind', bans weapons of mass destruction in orbit, and prohibits national sovereignty claims over celestial bodies.
Key Concepts & Examination Highlights
- The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 prohibits placing nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction in orbit or on celestial bodies.
- The International Space Station (ISS) orbits Earth at an average altitude of approximately 400 kilometres.
- China's Tiangong space station comprises the Tianhe core module along with Wentian and Mengtian science laboratory modules.
- The Rescue Agreement of 1968 and the Liability Convention of 1972 further codify international space legal responsibilities.
Curriculum & Reference Sources: United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), NASA, Roscosmos, European Space Agency (ESA).