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Governance & Society Cluster469 Verified Questions
Constitutional Amendments & Schedules of India GK Questions & Answers
Part XX, Article 368 of the Constitution of India governs the procedure for constitutional amendments, delineating three distinct mechanisms: simple majority, special majority, and special majority with ratification by at least half of state legislatures. The First Constitutional Amendment Act of 1951 inserted the Ninth Schedule and Articles 31A and 31B to protect agrarian land reform laws from judicial review. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976, known as the Mini-Constitution, inserted the terms Socialist, Secular, and Integrity into the Preamble, added Fundamental Duties (Article 51A under Part IV-A), and created administrative tribunals under Part XIV-A. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 restored civil liberties by nullifying several emergency provisions and removing the Right to Property from Fundamental Rights to Article 300A. Subsequent structural amendments include the 73rd and 74th Amendments (1992) instituting local self-governance, the 86th Amendment (2002) inserting Article 21A for free education, the 101st Amendment (2016) introducing the Goods and Services Tax, and the 106th Amendment (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023) reserving seats for women. The Indian Constitution incorporates twelve schedules categorizing state territories, emoluments, oaths, allocation of seats, tribal administration, legislative lists, official languages, land reforms, anti-defection provisions, and local governance powers.
High-yield conceptual summaries for competitive exams and rapid revision.
Article 368 in Part XX prescribes the amendment process requiring a special majority (majority of total membership and two-thirds present and voting), with federal provisions also requiring ratification by at least half of state legislatures.
The 42nd Amendment Act (1976) enacted extensive changes, including adding 'Socialist', 'Secular', and 'Integrity' to the Preamble and inserting Part IV-A (Fundamental Duties) upon recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.
The 44th Amendment Act (1978) repealed the Right to Property as a Fundamental Right (Article 31), reclassifying it as a legal right under Article 300A, and circumscribed emergency declaration powers under Article 352.
The Seventh Schedule distributes legislative subjects between Union and States across three lists: Union List (100 subjects), State List (61 subjects), and Concurrent List (52 subjects).
The Tenth Schedule, added by the 52nd Amendment Act (1985), lays down disqualification provisions for legislators on grounds of defection, subject to judicial review as per the Kihoto Hollohan (1992) ruling.
Showing 25 Curated Questions469 Total in Bank
1ID: GK-POL-00297
hardConstitutional & Statutory Bodies
The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was conferred constitutional status under Article 338B by which constitutional amendment act?
Verified Explanation
The 102nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2018 inserted Article 338B and 342A, elevating the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) to constitutional status.
2ID: GK-POL-00563
mediumConstitutional Amendments & Schedules
Which Constitutional Amendment Act reduced the voting age for citizens in Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly elections from 21 years to 18 years?
Verified Explanation
The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988 (which came into force in March 1989), amended Article 326 to lower the voting age from 21 to 18 years.
3ID: GK-POL-00603
easyConstitutional Amendments & Schedules
Which Constitutional Amendment Act reduced the voting age for elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies from 21 years to 18 years?
Verified Explanation
The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988 amended Article 326 to lower the voting age from 21 to 18 years, expanding democratic franchise to young citizens.
4ID: GK-POL-00618
mediumConstitutional Amendments & Schedules
The Tenth Schedule of the Constitution of India, popularly known as the Anti-Defection Law, was inserted by which Constitutional Amendment Act?
Verified Explanation
The 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1985 inserted the Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2)) to disqualify legislators on grounds of defection from their political party.
5ID: GK-POL-00645
hardConstitutional Amendments & Schedules
Which Constitutional Amendment Act introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime and inserted Article 246A (special provision for GST) and Article 279A (GST Council)?
Verified Explanation
The 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016 enabled simultaneous taxation powers for Union and States via Article 246A and constituted the GST Council under Article 279A.
6ID: GK-POL-00650
hardConstitutional Amendments & Schedules
The 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019 provided up to 10% reservation in admissions and government employment for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) by inserting which two constitutional clauses?
Verified Explanation
The 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act 2019 inserted clauses (6) to Article 15 and (6) to Article 16, enabling the State to make special provisions and reservations of up to 10% for citizens from Economically Weaker Sections (EWS).
7ID: GK-POL-00026
mediumPreamble & Constitutional Features
Which constitutional amendment introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India?
Verified Explanation
The 101st Constitutional Amendment Act introduced nationwide GST starting 1 July 2017.
8ID: GK-POL-00440
mediumConstitutional & Statutory Bodies
Which Constitutional Amendment Act accorded constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) by inserting Article 338B?
Verified Explanation
The 102nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 2018 conferred constitutional status upon the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) through the insertion of Article 338B.
9ID: GK-POL-00471
easyConstitutional Amendments & Schedules
Which Constitutional Amendment Act of India introduced the nationwide Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime in 2017?
Verified Explanation
The 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016 introduced Article 246A and enabled the nationwide rollout of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India on July 1, 2017.
10ID: GK-POL-00742
mediumConstitutional & Statutory Bodies of India
Which Constitutional Amendment bifurcated the combined National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two separate constitutional bodies under Article 338 and Article 338A?
Verified Explanation
The 89th Constitutional Amendment Act (2003) bifurcated the erstwhile combined National Commission for SCs and STs into two distinct constitutional entities: the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (Article 338) and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (Article 338A), effective from 2004.
11ID: GK-POL-00743
mediumConstitutional & Statutory Bodies of India
Which Constitutional Amendment Act granted constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) by inserting Article 338B?
Verified Explanation
The 102nd Constitutional Amendment Act (2018) conferred constitutional status on the National Commission for Backward Classes by inserting Article 338B into the Constitution, elevating it from its prior statutory status under the NCBC Act, 1993.
12ID: GK-POL-00764
hardConstitutional Framework, Preamble & Salient Features
Which Schedule was added to the Constitution of India by the First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951, to immunize land reform legislations from judicial challenge under Part III?
Verified Explanation
The First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951, inserted Article 31B and the Ninth Schedule to insulate land reform and agrarian reorganization laws from judicial invalidation on the ground of violating Fundamental Rights.
13ID: GK-POL-00841
mediumConstitutional & Statutory Bodies of India
Which Constitutional Amendment Act bifurcated the combined National Commission for SCs and STs into two distinct constitutional bodies under Article 338 and Article 338A?
Verified Explanation
The 89th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003, bifurcated the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two separate bodies: the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) under Article 338 and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) under Article 338A, effective from 2004.
14ID: GK-POL-00842
mediumConstitutional & Statutory Bodies of India
The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was conferred constitutional status by inserting Article 338B through which Constitutional Amendment Act?
Verified Explanation
The 102nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2018, granted constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) by inserting Article 338B and Article 342A into the Constitution of India.
15ID: GK-POL-00942
mediumConstitutional & Statutory Bodies of India
Which Constitutional Amendment Act bifurcated the combined National Commission for SCs and STs into two separate constitutional bodies under Article 338 and Article 338A?
Verified Explanation
The 89th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003 bifurcated the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two independent constitutional bodies: the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (Article 338) and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (Article 338A).
16ID: GK-POL-00943
mediumConstitutional & Statutory Bodies of India
Which Constitutional Amendment Act conferred constitutional status on the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) by inserting Article 338B?
Verified Explanation
The 102nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2018 conferred constitutional status on the National Commission for Backward Classes by inserting Article 338B into the Constitution, replacing the earlier statutory commission established under the NCBC Act, 1993.
17ID: GK-POL-00959
mediumConstitutional Framework, Preamble & Salient Features
The Seventh Constitutional Amendment Act of 1956 abolished the classification of States into Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D, replacing them with which structure of States and Union Territories?
Verified Explanation
Enacting the recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission (Fazal Ali Commission), the Seventh Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956 abolished the fourfold state classification and established 14 States and 6 Union Territories. It also permitted common High Courts for multiple states.
18ID: GK-POL-00960
mediumConstitutional Framework, Preamble & Salient Features
Which significant change was introduced by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2020 regarding parliamentary representation?
Verified Explanation
The 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2020 amended Article 334 by extending the political reservation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies until 2030, while discontinuing the special nomination of Anglo-Indian members under Articles 331 and 333.
19ID: GK-POL-00965
hardConstitutional Framework, Preamble & Salient Features
The 106th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2023 (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam) provides one-third reservation for women in which legislative bodies?
Verified Explanation
The 106th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2023 inserted Articles 330A, 332A, and amended Article 239AA to provide a 33% reservation for women in the Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi for an initial period of 15 years.
20ID: GK-POL-01039
easyConstitutional & Statutory Bodies of India
What primary clarification was introduced by the 105th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2021 regarding Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs)?
Verified Explanation
The 105th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2021 amended Articles 338B, 342A, and 366(26C) to restore and clarify the authority of State Governments and Union Territories to identify and specify their own state lists of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs), overriding the interpretation in the Maratha Reservation judgment (2021).
21ID: GK-POL-00105
mediumConstitutional Bodies
The 102nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 2018 conferred constitutional status on which commission under Article 338B?
Verified Explanation
The 102nd Amendment inserted Article 338B, granting constitutional status to the NCBC alongside NCSC (Art. 338) and NCST (Art. 338A).
22ID: GK-EDUC-00048
hardRTE Act 2009 & Constitutional Provisions
Through which Constitutional Amendment Act was the subject of 'Education' transferred from the State List (List II) to the Concurrent List (List III, Entry 25) of the Seventh Schedule?
Verified Explanation
The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 transferred 'Education, including technical education, medical education and universities' from Entry 11 of the State List to Entry 25 of the Concurrent List, empowering both Parliament and State Legislatures to legislate on education.
23ID: GK-EDUC-00109
hardRTE Act 2009 & Constitutional Provisions
Which Constitutional Amendment Act inserted clause (6) into Article 15 in 2019, enabling the State to provide up to 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) of citizens in educational institutions?
Verified Explanation
The 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019 inserted Article 15(6) and Article 16(6) into the Constitution, providing up to 10% reservation in admissions to educational institutions (aided and unaided, other than minority institutions) for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) other than SCs, STs, and OBCs.
The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) was established as a separate constitutional body under Article 338A through which Constitutional Amendment Act?
Verified Explanation
The 89th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003 bifurcated the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two distinct constitutional bodies by inserting Article 338A. The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) came into existence on 19 February 2004.
25ID: GK-POL-00307
easyPreamble, Salient Features & Sources
Which Constitutional Amendment Act provided 10% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)?
Verified Explanation
The 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act 2019 inserted Articles 15(6) and 16(6) to provide 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS).