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National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) & Right to Education Act 2009 GK Questions & Answers
The National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020), drafted under the chairmanship of Dr. K. Kasturirangan and approved by the Union Cabinet on July 29, 2020, replaced the National Policy on Education, 1986. NEP 2020 restructures school education from the legacy 10+2 framework into a 5+3+3+4 curricular model spanning ages 3 to 18: Foundational (5 years), Preparatory (3 years), Middle (3 years), and Secondary (4 years). It targets a 100 percent Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in school education by 2030 and 50 percent in higher education by 2035, introducing the PARAKH assessment body and APAAR lifelong student identifiers. Constitutional backing for basic education is anchored in Article 21A, inserted by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, which guarantees free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 operationalized Article 21A from April 1, 2010, mandating under Section 12(1)(c) a 25 percent reservation for economically weaker sections and disadvantaged groups in entry-level private unaided schools.
High-yield conceptual summaries for competitive exams and rapid revision.
The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 inserted Article 21A, establishing free and compulsory education as a fundamental right for ages 6 to 14.
The RTE Act, 2009 enacted Article 21A and mandated under Section 12(1)(c) a 25% quota for disadvantaged children in private unaided schools.
NEP 2020, drafted by the Dr. K. Kasturirangan Committee, restructured school pedagogy into the 5+3+3+4 model covering ages 3 through 18.
NEP 2020 targets 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in school education by 2030 and 50% in higher education by 2035.
Standardized assessment and tracking mechanisms under NEP 2020 include PARAKH national evaluation centre and the Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR).
Which committee chaired by a former ISRO Chairman drafted the blueprint that was approved as the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020?
Verified Explanation
The Committee for Draft National Education Policy was headed by renowned scientist and former ISRO Chairman Dr. K. Kasturirangan, submitting its final report in 2019.
2ID: GK-EDUC-00002
easyRight to Education Act & Article 21A Framework
Which Constitutional Amendment Act inserted Article 21A into Part III of the Constitution of India, guaranteeing free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years?
Verified Explanation
The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 inserted Article 21A, creating a Fundamental Right to free and compulsory elementary education for children between the ages of 6 and 14.
Which historic Education Commission (1964–1966), chaired by Dr. D. S. Kothari, introduced the 10+2+3 educational framework and recommended allocating at least 6% of GDP to education?
Verified Explanation
The Kothari Commission (Education Commission 1964–66) submitted its report 'Education and National Development', laying down the 10+2+3 structure, the three-language formula, and the target of 6% GDP spending on education.
4ID: GK-EDUC-00011
easyNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 aims to increase the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education, including vocational education, to what target percentage by 2035?
Verified Explanation
NEP 2020 sets a target to raise the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education (including vocational education) from 26.3% in 2018 to 50% by 2035, aiming to add 3.5 crore new seats in higher education institutions.
5ID: GK-EDUC-00015
easyNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
India's first National Policy on Education (NPE), which called for a radical restructuring of the education system and equalizing educational opportunities, was promulgated in 1968 under the prime ministership of which leader?
Verified Explanation
The first National Policy on Education was promulgated in 1968 by the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi based on the recommendations of the Kothari Commission (1964–66). It introduced the Three-Language Formula and recommended spending 6% of national income on education.
6ID: GK-EDUC-00017
easyNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
The University Education Commission (1948–1949), which recommended establishing a central agency modeled on the UK University Grants Committee, was chaired by which distinguished scholar-statesman?
Verified Explanation
The University Education Commission (1948–49) was appointed by the Government of India under the chairmanship of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. It was independent India's first commission on education and laid the conceptual foundation for the establishment of the University Grants Commission (UGC).
7ID: GK-EDUC-00018
mediumNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
The Secondary Education Commission (1952–1953), which recommended introducing multipurpose schools and vocational streams at the secondary stage, was chaired by which educationalist?
Verified Explanation
The Secondary Education Commission was appointed in September 1952 under the chairmanship of Dr. A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar (then Vice-Chancellor of Madras University). Known as the Mudaliar Commission, it recommended a three-year secondary course, multipurpose schools, and technical education streams.
8ID: GK-EDUC-00019
mediumNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
Thomas Babington Macaulay's famous 'Minute on Indian Education' (1835) advocated for which controversial colonial educational doctrine?
Verified Explanation
Macaulay's Minute of 2 February 1835 advocated allocating state funds solely to English-medium higher education to create an anglicized elite, relying on the 'Downward Filtration Theory' where western ideas and education would ostensibly filter down from the elite to the masses.
9ID: GK-EDUC-00020
mediumNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
Which Governor-General of India officially enacted the English Education Act of 1835, making English the official language of government administration and higher education?
Verified Explanation
Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General of India, endorsed Macaulay's Minute and passed the English Education Act on 7 March 1835, establishing that government funds would be employed exclusively for English literature and science in higher education.
10ID: GK-EDUC-00021
mediumNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
The Hunter Education Commission of 1882, appointed by Viceroy Lord Ripon, specifically recommended that the control and management of primary education should be transferred to which bodies?
Verified Explanation
The Hunter Commission (1882), chaired by Sir William Wilson Hunter, evaluated the state of primary and secondary education. It recommended that primary education should be prioritized, taught in vernaculars, and handed over to newly created local bodies (Municipal and District Boards).
11ID: GK-EDUC-00025
hardNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
The Wardha Scheme of Basic Education (Nai Talim / Buniyadi Shiksha), propounded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1937 with a focus on learning through productive handicrafts and mother-tongue instruction, was detailed by which committee?
Verified Explanation
At the All India National Educational Conference held at Wardha in October 1937, Mahatma Gandhi's educational proposals were formulated into a syllabus by a committee chaired by Dr. Zakir Husain. The Basic Education Scheme advocated free compulsory schooling from ages 7 to 14 centred around productive manual crafts.
12ID: GK-EDUC-00026
hardNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
The Sargent Report of 1944 (Post-War Educational Development Scheme), prepared by John Sargent for the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), proposed universal free education for children aged 6–14 within a target timeframe of how many years?
Verified Explanation
The Sargent Plan (1944) proposed universal, free, and compulsory elementary education for all boys and girls between 6 and 14 years within a span of 40 years (later reduced to 16 years by the Kher Committee in 1948). It envisaged creating an educational standard in India equivalent to that in Great Britain.
13ID: GK-EDUC-00028
hardNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
Under the regulatory architecture proposed in NEP 2020, the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) is designed to operate with how many independent functional verticals?
Verified Explanation
NEP 2020 envisages HECI as a single overarching umbrella regulator with 4 independent verticals: 1. National Higher Education Regulatory Council (NHERC - regulation); 2. National Accreditation Council (NAC - accreditation); 3. Higher Education Grants Council (HEGC - funding); and 4. General Education Council (GEC - academic standard setting).
14ID: GK-EDUC-00029
hardNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
The Committee on Renovation and Rejuvenation of Higher Education (2009), chaired by Prof. Yash Pal, recommended abolishing multiple apex bodies (including UGC and AICTE) in favour of a single constitutional body named which of the following?
Verified Explanation
The Yash Pal Committee submitted its report 'The Renovation and Rejuvenation of Higher Education' in 2009. It recommended establishing a unified constitutional body called the National Commission for Higher Education and Research (NCHER) to replace fragmented regulators like UGC, AICTE, NCTE, and DEC.
15ID: GK-EDUC-00030
hardNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
Prior to the Kasturirangan Committee, which Committee for the Evolution of the New Education Policy submitted its comprehensive draft report to the MHRD in May 2016?
Verified Explanation
The Committee for Evolution of the New Education Policy was constituted in October 2015 under the chairmanship of former Cabinet Secretary T.S.R. Subramanian. The committee submitted its report in May 2016 proposing reforms that served as an early foundation for NEP drafting.
16ID: GK-EDUC-00071
easyNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
Which landmark British statute for the first time made an explicit annual financial provision of ₹1 lakh (one lakh rupees) for the revival of literature and promotion of education in British India?
Verified Explanation
Section 43 of the East India Company Act (Charter Act of 1813) mandated that a sum of not less than one lakh of rupees in each year shall be set apart and applied to the revival and improvement of literature and the encouragement of the learned natives of India, marking the beginning of state responsibility for education.
17ID: GK-EDUC-00073
easyNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
Under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, by which target year does India aim to achieve a 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in school education from pre-school to secondary level?
Verified Explanation
NEP 2020 sets two major Gross Enrolment Ratio targets: achieving 100% GER in school education (from pre-school to secondary level) by 2030, and raising GER in higher education (including vocational education) to 50% by 2035.
18ID: GK-EDUC-00074
easyNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
Under NEP 2020, high-standard model public universities aimed at multidisciplinary education and research at par with IITs and IIMs are designated by which acronym?
Verified Explanation
NEP 2020 proposes the establishment of Multidisciplinary Education and Research Universities (MERUs). These institutions will be set up to aim for the highest global standards in multidisciplinary education and holistic research, serving as national role models alongside premier institutions like IITs and IIMs.
19ID: GK-EDUC-00077
easyNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
In March 1911, which nationalist leader introduced a pioneering private member's bill in the Imperial Legislative Council proposing the phased introduction of free and compulsory primary education in India?
Verified Explanation
Gopal Krishna Gokhale introduced the historic Elementary Education Bill in the Imperial Legislative Council on 16 March 1911. The bill proposed giving local municipal and district boards the power to make primary education compulsory for boys aged 6 to 10 in areas where a specified percentage was already in school.
20ID: GK-EDUC-00082
mediumNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
Under NEP 2020, which dedicated central fund has been constituted to build the nation's capacity for providing equitable, high-quality education to all girls as well as transgender students?
Verified Explanation
NEP 2020 establishes a dedicated 'Gender Inclusion Fund' (GIF) to assist States in providing quality and equitable education to all female and transgender students, funding sanitation facilities, secure transport, conditional cash transfers, and community mobilization.
21ID: GK-EDUC-00143
mediumNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
Appointed in 1958 by the Government of India, the National Committee on Women's Education, which recommended absolute parity of educational opportunities between girls and boys, was chaired by which pioneering leader?
Verified Explanation
The National Committee on Women's Education (1958–1959) was chaired by freedom fighter and social worker Durgabai Deshmukh. It recommended that women's education be treated as a special problem with dedicated budget allocations and the creation of a National Council for Women's Education.
22ID: GK-EDUC-00148
hardNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
Appointed in 1948 by the Government of India to examine secondary education in post-independence India, which committee recommended converting high schools into multilateral institutions with diverse elective streams?
Verified Explanation
The Tara Chand Committee on Secondary Education (1948) recommended restructuring high school education into multilateral schools offering humanities, science, agriculture, and technical training to channel students into vocational and academic streams.
23ID: GK-EDUC-00150
hardNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
Appointed by the Supreme Court of India in 2012 to audit and reform teacher education institutions across India, which commission recommended institutionalizing multi-disciplinary B.Ed colleges and structural overhaul of NCTE?
Verified Explanation
The High Powered Commission on Teacher Education constituted by the Supreme Court in 2012, chaired by former CJI Justice J. S. Verma, exposed widespread substandard standalone commercial teacher training colleges and recommended integrating teacher education into multi-disciplinary universities.
24ID: GK-EDUC-00192
easyNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
What is the target Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education (including vocational education) set by NEP 2020 to be achieved by the year 2035?
Verified Explanation
NEP 2020 sets an ambitious target to raise the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education from 26.3% (in 2018) to 50% by 2035 by adding 3.5 crore new seats across higher educational institutions.
25ID: GK-EDUC-00194
easyNEP 2020 & Historical Education Commissions
Which historic education commission (1964–1966) famously opened its report with the words 'The destiny of India is now being shaped in her classrooms' and recommended investing 6% of GDP in education?
Verified Explanation
The Indian Education Commission (1964–1966), chaired by UGC Chairman Dr. Daulat Singh Kothari, submitted its landmark report titled 'Education and National Development', which first recommended public investment of 6% of GDP in education.
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