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Governance & Society Cluster46 Verified Questions
Green Revolution, HYV Seeds & Agricultural Pricing in India GK Questions & Answers
The Green Revolution was introduced in India during the mid-1960s to overcome chronic food grain deficits and achieve national food security. Spearheaded by agronomist Dr. M.S. Swaminathan alongside Nobel laureate Norman Borlaug, the strategy combined High-Yielding Varieties (HYV) of semi-dwarf wheat (Lerma Rojo, Sonora 64) and rice (IR-8) with intensive chemical fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, and controlled canal and tube-well irrigation. Initial deployment focused on Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh, resulting in dramatic yield expansions termed the wheat and rice revolutions. Institutional frameworks were established concurrently to support this transformation: the Food Corporation of India (FCI) was founded under the Food Corporations Act, 1964 to execute grain procurement and maintain buffer stocks, while the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP, established in 1965 as the Agricultural Prices Commission) was mandated to recommend Minimum Support Prices (MSP) across 22 mandated crops plus Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) for sugarcane. While the revolution eliminated dependency on foreign food aid like US PL-480, it generated environmental consequences including groundwater depletion, soil salinization, and regional socio-economic disparities.
High-yield conceptual summaries for competitive exams and rapid revision.
Initiated in 1966-67 using semi-dwarf High-Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds of wheat and rice coupled with chemical inputs and assured irrigation.
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan pioneered Indian field implementation, building upon dwarf wheat genetics developed by Dr. Norman Borlaug.
Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) recommends Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for 22 mandated crops based on comprehensive A2+FL/C2 cost formulas.
Food Corporation of India (FCI), established under the Food Corporations Act 1964, manages nationwide procurement, storage, and Public Distribution System (PDS) supply.
Unintended ecological impacts include deep water table depletion in northwest India, soil degradation, and nitrate contamination of aquifers.
Showing 25 Curated Questions46 Total in Bank
1ID: GK-AGRI-00244
easyAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
Who is globally recognized as the 'Father of the Green Revolution in India' for pioneering the introduction of high-yielding semi-dwarf wheat varieties?
Verified Explanation
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan led the Green Revolution in India during the 1960s by introducing semi-dwarf wheat varieties (Kalyan Sona, Sonalika) in collaboration with Norman Borlaug.
2ID: GK-AGRI-00384
easyAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
Who is widely celebrated as the 'Father of the Green Revolution in India' for introducing semi-dwarf high-yielding wheat varieties in the mid-1960s?
Verified Explanation
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan (1925–2023) led the scientific collaboration with Dr. Norman Borlaug to introduce semi-dwarf Mexican wheat varieties into India, initiating the Green Revolution.
3ID: GK-AGRI-00504
easyAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
Who is universally recognized as the 'Father of the Green Revolution in India' for introducing semi-dwarf high-yielding wheat varieties in the 1960s?
Verified Explanation
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan led the scientific introduction and breeding of Mexican semi-dwarf wheat strains in India, pioneering the Green Revolution.
4ID: GK-AGRI-00564
easyAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
Who is revered across India as the 'Father of the Green Revolution in India' for introducing semi-dwarf high-yielding wheat varieties in the 1960s?
Verified Explanation
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan (awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2024) is acclaimed as the Father of India's Green Revolution for collaborating with Norman Borlaug to introduce high-yielding wheat and rice varieties.
5ID: GK-AGRI-00002
mediumAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
Who is widely celebrated as the 'Father of the Green Revolution in India' for introducing high-yielding semi-dwarf wheat varieties developed by Norman Borlaug?
Verified Explanation
Dr. Mankombu Sambasivan (M. S.) Swaminathan led the introduction of high-yielding wheat varieties (like Kalyan Sona and Sonalika) in India, pioneering the Green Revolution in the 1960s.
6ID: GK-AGRI-00204
mediumAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
Which high-yielding semi-dwarf, lodging-resistant Mexican wheat varieties introduced by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan in 1965 catalyzed India's Green Revolution?
Verified Explanation
Dr. Norman Borlaug's semi-dwarf Mexican wheat varieties (Lerma Rojo 64A and Sonora 64) were imported in 1965, demonstrating unprecedented yields under irrigated management in Punjab and Haryana.
7ID: GK-AGRI-00397
mediumAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
Which two historical semi-dwarf wheat varieties developed by CIMMYT in Mexico were introduced into India in 1963-64, initiating the Green Revolution?
Verified Explanation
In 1963, Dr. Norman Borlaug sent trial seeds of Lerma Rojo 64A and Sonora 64 (containing the Norin 10 dwarfing genes) to India, which yielded over double the harvest of tall native varieties.
8ID: GK-AGRI-00444
easyAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
Who is globally revered as the Father of the Green Revolution in India and was posthumously conferred the Bharat Ratna in 2024?
Verified Explanation
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan (1925-2023) spearheaded the introduction of high-yielding semi-dwarf wheat and rice varieties in India during the 1960s, awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2024.
9ID: GK-AGRI-00454
mediumAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
Which two semi-dwarf, rust-resistant Mexican wheat varieties introduced by Dr. Norman Borlaug formed the foundation of India’s Green Revolution in 1966?
Verified Explanation
In 1966, India imported 18,000 tonnes of semi-dwarf wheat seeds comprising Lerma Rojo 64A and Sonora 64 developed at CIMMYT, Mexico, triggering record harvests.
10ID: GK-AGRI-00459
hardAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
The miracle semi-dwarf rice variety IR-8, which revolutionized Asian rice yields during the Green Revolution in the late 1960s, was originally developed by which international body?
Verified Explanation
IR-8 (Miracle Rice) was developed in 1966 at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Los Baños, Philippines, by cross-breeding Peta from Indonesia and Dee-geo-woo-gen from Taiwan.
11ID: GK-AGRI-00517
hardAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
Which gene for dwarfing in wheat, originally discovered in Japan by Gonjiro Inazuka and incorporated by Norman Borlaug, powered the Green Revolution cultivars like Lerma Rojo and Sonora 64?
Verified Explanation
Norin 10 was the Japanese semi-dwarf wheat variety carrying the Rht1 and Rht2 dwarfing genes, which Borlaug crossed to produce lodging-resistant high-yielding wheats.
12ID: GK-HIST-01050
hardPost-Independence Consolidation & Modern India
The high-yielding semi-dwarf wheat varieties (Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo 64A) introduced to India in 1963 by Dr. M. S. Swaminathan that launched the Green Revolution were originally developed by Dr. Norman Borlaug at which international research centre in Mexico?
Verified Explanation
In 1963, agricultural scientist M. S. Swaminathan invited Nobel laureate Norman Borlaug to India. Borlaug provided seeds of his high-yielding, rust-resistant, photo-insensitive semi-dwarf spring wheat varieties developed at CIMMYT (Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo) in Mexico. Tested at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi, these varieties catalyzed India's Green Revolution and achieved wheat self-sufficiency by 1970.
13ID: GK-AGRI-00038
hardAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
Which two high-yielding semi-dwarf amber grain wheat varieties were released in India in 1967, driving the Green Revolution boom?
Verified Explanation
Kalyan Sona and Sonalika, developed by crossing Mexican semi-dwarf lines with Indian wheat strains at IARI, were released in 1967 and quickly occupied millions of hectares across northern India.
14ID: GK-CURR-00590
hardAwards Honours Recent
In the year 2024, the Bharat Ratna was conferred upon five illustrious personalities, including which legendary agricultural scientist and Father of India's Green Revolution?
Verified Explanation
M. S. Swaminathan (1925–2023) was posthumously honoured with the Bharat Ratna alongside Karpoori Thakur, L. K. Advani, P. V. Narasimha Rao, and Chaudhary Charan Singh.
15ID: GK-CURR-00615
mediumAwards Honours Recent
Which legendary agricultural scientist and Father of the Green Revolution in India was posthumously conferred the Bharat Ratna in 2024?
Verified Explanation
Dr. Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (1925–2023) was awarded the Bharat Ratna in February 2024 for his transformative role in ensuring India's food security.
16ID: GK-ECON-00612
mediumAgriculture & Rural Economy
The Green Revolution in India in the mid-1960s was spearheaded by M.S. Swaminathan through the adoption of High Yielding Varieties (HYV) of semi-dwarf wheat developed by which Nobel Laureate?
Verified Explanation
Dr. Norman Borlaug developed semi-dwarf, disease-resistant High Yielding Variety (HYV) wheat strains (Lerma Rojo, Sonora 64) at CIMMYT in Mexico, which Dr. M.S. Swaminathan introduced to Indian agriculture.
17ID: GK-AGRI-00300
hardAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
Which two high-yielding, rust-resistant semi-dwarf wheat varieties bred by Dr. M. S. Swaminathan and his team were released in India in 1967, sparking the Green Revolution?
Verified Explanation
Kalyan Sona and Sonalika were amber-grained, lodging-resistant, and high-yielding semi-dwarf wheat selections released in 1967 that transformed India's wheat production.
18ID: GK-ECON-00312
easyAgriculture & Rural Economy
Who is known as the 'Father of the Green Revolution' in India for introducing high-yielding varieties (HYV) of wheat?
Verified Explanation
Professor M. S. Swaminathan led the Green Revolution in India by crossing Mexican semi-dwarf wheat strains with local varieties to achieve food self-sufficiency.
19ID: GK-CURR-00482
easyAwards Honours Recent
Which eminent agricultural scientist and father of India's Green Revolution was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2024?
Verified Explanation
Dr. Mankombu Sambasivan (M. S.) Swaminathan (1925-2023) was honoured with the Bharat Ratna in 2024 for his transformative contributions to Indian agriculture and food security.
20ID: GK-PERS-00485
easyEntrepreneurs Innovators
Who is celebrated as the "Father of the Green Revolution" in India for introducing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice in the 1960s?
Verified Explanation
Prof. M.S. Swaminathan collaborated with Norman Borlaug to introduce semi-dwarf high-yielding wheat varieties to Punjab and Haryana, ensuring India's food security.
21ID: GK-ORGS-00106
hardInterpol, ICJ, IAEA, WIPO, IMO & IOC Headquarters
The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), where Nobel Peace Laureate Norman Borlaug led the Green Revolution research, is headquartered in which country?
Verified Explanation
CIMMYT (Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo) is headquartered at Texcoco, near Mexico City, Mexico.
22ID: GK-AGRI-00041
hardAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
The 'Grey Revolution' in India is specifically linked with technological expansion and subsidy support in which agricultural input industry?
Verified Explanation
The Grey Revolution represents the rapid increase in the domestic manufacturing and adoption of chemical fertilizers (NPK) to boost crop productivity during the Green Revolution era.
23ID: GK-AGRI-00333
mediumAgricultural Revolutions & ICAR Institutes
Which international research center headquartered in Mexico provided the dwarfing gene wheat varieties (Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo 64A) that Dr. Norman Borlaug shared with India?
Verified Explanation
CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) in Mexico developed the semi-dwarf Norin-10 derived high-yielding wheat varieties that initiated India's Green Revolution.
24ID: GK-AWRD-00313
easyBharat Ratna Padma
In 2024, which renowned agricultural scientist, hailed as the "Father of the Green Revolution in India", was conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously?
Verified Explanation
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan was posthumously conferred the Bharat Ratna in February 2024 for his transformative role in ensuring India’s food security.
25ID: GK-CURR-00060
easyAwards Honours Recent
Which legendary Indian agricultural scientist was posthumously conferred the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian honor) in 2024 for his pioneering Green Revolution leadership?
Verified Explanation
The Government of India conferred the Bharat Ratna in 2024 upon Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, Karpoori Thakur, P. V. Narasimha Rao, Chaudhary Charan Singh, and L. K. Advani.