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Governance & Society Cluster2,088 Verified Questions
Inter-State River Water Disputes GK Questions & Answers
Article 262 of the Constitution of India provides the constitutional framework for the adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-state rivers or river valleys. Under Article 262(1), Parliament is empowered to enact legislation for the adjudication of any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution, or control of inter-state waters. Article 262(2) explicitly authorizes Parliament to exclude the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and all other courts regarding such disputes. Operating under Entry 56 of the Union List and Entry 17 of the State List (subject to Entry 56), Parliament enacted the Inter-State River Water Disputes (ISRWD) Act, 1956, and the River Boards Act, 1956. When bilateral negotiations fail, the Central Government constitutes an ad-hoc tribunal comprising sitting or retired judges nominated by the Chief Justice of India. Major tribunals established include the Krishna and Godavari Tribunals (1969), Narmada Tribunal (1969), Ravi and Beas Tribunal (1986), Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (1990), and Mahanadi Tribunal (2018). The ISRWD (Amendment) Act, 2002 mandated a three-year time limit for tribunal awards. In State of Karnataka v. State of Tamil Nadu (2018), the Supreme Court clarified that while original suits are barred under Article 262, Special Leave Petitions under Article 136 remain maintainable against tribunal determinations.
High-yield conceptual summaries for competitive exams and rapid revision.
Article 262 empowers Parliament to legislate on inter-state river water disputes and bar the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and other courts over them.
The Inter-State River Water Disputes (ISRWD) Act, 1956 provides the statutory mechanism for establishing ad-hoc tribunals upon request from riparian states.
Water is listed under State List Entry 17, but is subject to Union List Entry 56 regarding regulation and development of inter-state rivers declared by Parliament.
Major tribunals constituted include the Krishna (1969, 2004), Godavari (1969), Narmada (1969), Ravi-Beas (1986), Cauvery (1990), and Mahanadi (2018) tribunals.
In State of Karnataka v. State of Tamil Nadu (2018), the Supreme Court established that Special Leave Petitions under Article 136 remain maintainable against tribunal awards.
Showing 25 Curated Questions2,088 Total in Bank
1ID: GK-WATR-00024
easyNatural Lakes, Saline Lagoons & Waterfalls
Chilika Lake, the largest brackish water coastal lagoon in India and Asia, is situated in which state?
Verified Explanation
Chilika Lake is a brackish water lagoon spread over Puri, Khordha, and Ganjam districts of Odisha at the mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay of Bengal.
2ID: GK-WATR-00029
easyNatural Lakes, Saline Lagoons & Waterfalls
Pulicat Lake, India's second largest brackish water lagoon, is situated on the border between Tamil Nadu and which other state?
Verified Explanation
Pulicat Lake is a brackish water lagoon spanning Tiruvallur district in Tamil Nadu and Tirupati district in Andhra Pradesh, separated from the sea by the barrier island of Sriharikota.
3ID: GK-WATR-00144
mediumMultipurpose Dams & Hydropower Projects
The Ken-Betwa River Link Project, India's first major river-interlinking project under the National Perspective Plan, transfers surplus water from which river to which river?
Verified Explanation
The Ken-Betwa Link Project transfers surplus water from the Ken River in Madhya Pradesh to the water-deficit Betwa basin to irrigate the drought-prone Bundelkhand region.
4ID: GK-WATR-00176
hardHimalayan & Peninsular River Systems
The Par-Tapi-Narmada River Link Project aims to transfer water from the surplus Western Ghats catchment to drought-prone areas of Saurashtra and Kutch by creating links in:
Verified Explanation
The Par-Tapi-Narmada link proposes to transfer surplus water from the Western Ghats region of northern Maharashtra and south Gujarat to the water-deficit Saurashtra/Kutch regions.
5ID: GK-WATR-00382
hardMultipurpose Dams & Hydropower Projects
The Renukaji Dam Project, designated as a National Project to augment drinking water supplies to the National Capital Region, is located on which river in Himachal Pradesh?
Verified Explanation
The Renukaji Dam Project is a storage project planned on the Giri River (a tributary of the Yamuna) in Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh to provide water to Delhi and neighboring states.
6ID: GK-WATR-00499
hardMultipurpose Dams & Hydropower Projects
The Bansagar Dam is a joint multipurpose river valley project located on the Son River in Madhya Pradesh. Which three states share its costs and water benefits?
Verified Explanation
Bansagar Dam on the Son River in Shahdol district (MP) was built as an interstate project between Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar (sharing water in 2:1:1 ratio).
7ID: GK-WATR-00553
mediumMultipurpose Dams & Hydropower Projects
Indira Sagar Dam, which has the largest water storage capacity among all reservoirs in India (approx 12.2 billion cubic metres), is built on which river in Madhya Pradesh?
Verified Explanation
Indira Sagar Dam is a multipurpose project on the Narmada River in Khandwa district, Madhya Pradesh, boasting the largest water storage capacity among Indian reservoirs.
8ID: GK-WATR-00164
hardWorld Major Rivers, Waterfalls & Maritime Canals
Under the Indus Waters Treaty signed in Karachi on 19 September 1960, which three 'Eastern Rivers' were allocated to India for unrestricted water use?
Verified Explanation
Under Article II of the Indus Waters Treaty 1960, all waters of the Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Satluj) were allocated to India for unrestricted use.
9ID: GK-WATR-00182
hardWorld Major Rivers, Waterfalls & Maritime Canals
The Sunkoshi-Marin Diversion project and Tanakpur Hydroelectric Project respectively involve transboundary water cooperation between India and which neighbouring country?
Verified Explanation
The Tanakpur project on the Sharda (Mahakali) River is governed by the 1996 Mahakali Treaty signed between the Governments of India and Nepal.
10ID: GK-WATR-00104
hardMultipurpose Dams & Hydropower Projects
The Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project (330 MW) in Bandipora district of J&K diverts water from the Kishanganga (Neelum) River into which river basin?
Verified Explanation
The Kishanganga Project diverts water from the Kishanganga River through a 23-km tunnel to a powerhouse that discharges into the Bonar Nallah, a tributary of the Jhelum (Wular Lake).
11ID: GK-WATR-00166
hardWorld Major Rivers, Waterfalls & Maritime Canals
The Mahadayi (Mandovi) Water Disputes Tribunal, constituted in November 2010 to resolve inter-state water sharing, involved which three riparian states?
Verified Explanation
The Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal headed by Justice J. M. Panchal resolved water allocation disputes among Goa, Karnataka, and Maharashtra over the Kalasa-Banduri project.
12ID: GK-WATR-00177
hardHimalayan & Peninsular River Systems
The Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal-II (KWDT-II), which allocated surplus Krishna water among Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, was headed by which retired Supreme Court judge?
Verified Explanation
KWDT-II was constituted under the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act 1956 and chaired by Justice Brijesh Kumar, submitting its further report in 2013.
13ID: GK-WATR-00185
easyHimalayan & Peninsular River Systems
Which river in Kerala is the longest river in the state, often referred to as the 'Lifeline of Kerala' for supplying vital drinking water and electricity?
Verified Explanation
The Periyar River is the longest river in Kerala at 244 km, providing potable water to major industrial hubs like Kochi and hosting the Idukki and Mullaperiyar dams.
14ID: GK-WATR-00218
mediumNatural Lakes, Saline Lagoons & Waterfalls
The historic water palace 'Neermahal', constructed in 1930 by Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya, is situated in the middle of which Ramsar lake in Tripura?
Verified Explanation
Neermahal (Twijilikma) is a royal water palace built inside Rudrasagar Lake in Melaghar, Tripura, blending Hindu and Mughal architectural designs.
15ID: GK-WATR-00224
hardMultipurpose Dams & Hydropower Projects
The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Scheme, recognized as one of the world's largest multi-stage lift irrigation projects, lifts water from which river at the Medigadda Barrage in Telangana?
Verified Explanation
The Kaleshwaram Project in Telangana draws water from the Godavari River at the confluence of the Pranhita River near Kaleshwaram/Medigadda.
16ID: GK-WATR-00310
easyMultipurpose Dams & Hydropower Projects
Which multipurpose dam on the Narmada River in Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh holds India's largest artificial reservoir by gross water storage capacity (12.22 billion m³)?
Verified Explanation
The Indira Sagar Dam in Khandwa district, MP, has the largest water reservoir in India by storage capacity (12.22 billion cubic metres), providing water to Omkareshwar and Maheshwar.
17ID: GK-WATR-00318
hardMultipurpose Dams & Hydropower Projects
The Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project (330 MW) in Bandipora district diverts water from the Kishanganga (Neelum) River through a tunnel into which tributary basin that discharges into Wular Lake?
Verified Explanation
The Kishanganga Project diverts water from the Gurez Valley on the Kishanganga River through a 23.25 km headrace tunnel to an underground powerhouse at Bandipora, releasing it into Bonar Nallah / Wular Lake.
18ID: GK-WATR-00324
easyNatural Lakes, Saline Lagoons & Waterfalls
Which is the largest coastal brackish water lagoon in India and the second largest in the world, designated as India's first Ramsar site in 1981 in Odisha?
Verified Explanation
Chilika Lake spans Puri, Khurda, and Ganjam districts in Odisha over 1,100 sq km, serving as the largest brackish water lagoon in Asia and a haven for migratory birds and Irrawaddy dolphins.
19ID: GK-WATR-00385
easyNatural Lakes, Saline Lagoons & Waterfalls
Which coastal lagoon in Odisha is the largest brackish water lagoon in India and was designated as India's first Ramsar site in 1981?
Verified Explanation
Chilika Lake in Odisha is Asia's largest brackish water lagoon, situated at the mouth of the Daya River flowing into the Bay of Bengal, designated as a Ramsar site in October 1981.
20ID: GK-WATR-00395
mediumNatural Lakes, Saline Lagoons & Waterfalls
Which lagoon, situated on the border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, is the second largest brackish water lagoon in India and is barrier-separated from the Bay of Bengal by Sriharikota island?
Verified Explanation
Pulicat Lake (Pazhaverkadu) is the second largest brackish water lagoon in India, situated across Tirupati district (AP) and Tiruvallur district (TN), separated from the ocean by Sriharikota island.
21ID: GK-WATR-00397
mediumNatural Lakes, Saline Lagoons & Waterfalls
Which lake in Kollam district, known as the 'Queen of Lakes' and the largest freshwater lake in Kerala, naturally purifies its water due to the presence of larvae called cavaborus?
Verified Explanation
Sasthamkotta Lake in Kollam district is Kerala's largest freshwater lake. It contains larvae of the genus Chaoborus (Cavaborus) that consume bacteria, helping maintain natural water purity.
22ID: GK-WATR-00436
mediumMultipurpose Dams & Hydropower Projects
The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP), one of the world’s largest multi-stage lift irrigation systems, harnesses water from which river in Telangana?
Verified Explanation
The Kaleshwaram Project in Telangana lifts water from the Godavari River at the confluence of the Pranhita and Godavari rivers at Medigadda (Lakshmi Barrage) to irrigate 45 lakh acres.
23ID: GK-WATR-00477
hardHimalayan & Peninsular River Systems
The Ken-Betwa River Interlinking Project, India’s first river interlinking initiative under the National Perspective Plan, transfers surplus water from the Ken basin to Betwa to irrigate which drought-prone region?
Verified Explanation
The Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP) transfers water from the Ken River to the Betwa River through the Daudhan Dam to irrigate 10.62 lakh hectares in the drought-prone Bundelkhand region of MP and UP.
24ID: GK-WATR-00505
easyNatural Lakes, Saline Lagoons & Waterfalls
Chilika Lake, the largest brackish water coastal lagoon in India, is located in which state?
Verified Explanation
Chilika Lake is a large brackish water lagoon spreading over Puri, Khordha and Ganjam districts along the eastern coast of Odisha.
25ID: GK-WATR-00512
mediumNatural Lakes, Saline Lagoons & Waterfalls
Which large brackish water lagoon is situated on the border between Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, separated from the Bay of Bengal by Sriharikota island?
Verified Explanation
Pulicat Lake is the second largest brackish water lagoon in India, spanning Tirupati district in Andhra Pradesh and Tiruvallur district in Tamil Nadu.
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